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ping is a computer network tool used to test whether a particular node (networking) is reachable across an Internet protocol suite network. It works by sending Internet Control Message Protocol “ICMP Echo Request” packets to the target host and listening for ICMP “echo response” replies. ping estimates the round-trip time, generally in milliseconds, and records any packet loss, and prints a statistical summary when finished.

The word ping is also frequently used as a verb or noun, where it can refer directly to the round-trip time, the act of running a ping program or measuring the round-trip time.

History Mike Muuss wrote the program in December, 1983, as a tool to troubleshoot odd behavior on an IP network. He named it after the pulses of sound made by a sonar, since its operation is analogous to active sonar in submarines, in which an operator issues a pulse of energy (a network packet) at the target, which then bounces from the target and is received by the operator. Later David L. Mills provided a backronym, "Packet InterNet Grouper (Groper)" (sometimes also defined as "Packet Inter-Network Groper).

The usefulness of ping in assisting the "diagnosis" of Internet connectivity issues was impaired from late in 2003, when a number of Internet Service Providers filtered out ICMP Type 8 (ICMP Echo Request) messages at their network boundaries. This was partly due to the increasing use of ping for target reconnaissance, for example by Computer worm such as Welchia that flood the Internet with ping requests in order to locate new Computers to infect. Not only did the availability of ping responses leak information to an attacker, it added to the overall load on networks, causing problems for routers across the Internet.

Although RFC 1122 prescribes that any host must accept an echo-request and issue an echo-reply in return, one finds that this standard is frequently not followed on the public Internet. Notably, Windows XP SP1 will not respond to an echo request on the public Internet in the default configuration.

Proponents of not honoring echo requests say that this practice increases network security. However, attackers can and will send network packets to a machine, regardless of whether it responds to a ping. Those who insist that the standard be followed say that not honoring ping interferes with network diagnostics.

ICMP packet {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto; text-align: center;"|-----! bgcolor="#FFCC99" | Bit 0 - 7! bgcolor="#FFCC99" | Bit 8 - 15! bgcolor="#FFCC99" | Bit 16 - 23! bgcolor="#FFCC99" | Bit 24 - 31|-----| bgcolor="#6666FF" | Version/IHL| bgcolor="#6666FF" | Type of service| bgcolor="#6666FF" colspan="2" | Length|-----| bgcolor="#6666FF" colspan="2" | Identification| bgcolor="#6666FF" colspan="2" |flags et offset|-----| bgcolor="#6666FF" | Time To Live(TTL)| bgcolor="#6666FF" | Protocol| bgcolor="#6666FF" colspan="2" | CRC|-----| bgcolor="#6666FF" colspan="4" | Source IP address|-----| bgcolor="#6666FF" colspan="4" | Destination IP address|-----| bgcolor="#FFAAAA" | Type of message| bgcolor="#FFAAAA" | Code| bgcolor="#FFAAAA" colspan="2" | CRC|-----| bgcolor="#FFAAAA" colspan="4" | Quench|-----| bgcolor="#FFCCCC" colspan="4" | Data (optional)|}

Composition of a ping packet

Sample pinging Sample with Linux The following is a sample output of pinging en.wikipedia.org under Linux with the iputils version of ping:user@box ping en.wikipedia.org PING rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org (66.230.200.100) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org (66.230.200.100): icmp_seq=1 ttl=52 time=87.7 ms 64 bytes from rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org (66.230.200.100): icmp_seq=2 ttl=52 time=95.6 ms 64 bytes from rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org (66.230.200.100): icmp_seq=3 ttl=52 time=85.4 ms 64 bytes from rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org (66.230.200.100): icmp_seq=4 ttl=52 time=95.8 ms 64 bytes from rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org (66.230.200.100): icmp_seq=5 ttl=52 time=87.0 ms 64 bytes from rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org (66.230.200.100): icmp_seq=6 ttl=52 time=97.6 ms 64 bytes from rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org (66.230.200.100): icmp_seq=7 ttl=52 time=87.3 ms 64 bytes from rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org (66.230.200.100): icmp_seq=8 ttl=52 time=97.5 ms 64 bytes from rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org (66.230.200.100): icmp_seq=9 ttl=52 time=78.1 ms 64 bytes from rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org (66.230.200.100): icmp_seq=10 ttl=52 time=79.5 ms

--- rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.babunlaut ping statistics --- 10 packets transmitted, 10 received, 0% packet loss, time 8998ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 78.162/89.213/97.695/6.836 ms

This output shows that en.wikipedia.org is a Domain Name System CNAME record for rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org which then resolves to 66.230.200.100.

The output then shows the results of making 10 pings to 66.230.200.100 with the results summarized at the end. (To stop the program in Linux or Windows, press Ctrl+C.)

Sample with Windows Vista The following is a sample output of pinging en.wikipedia.org under Windows Vista with the command line:

localhost ping en.wikipedia.com Pinging rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org 66.230.200.100 with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 66.230.200.100: bytes=32 time=57ms TTL=44 Reply from 66.230.200.100: bytes=32 time=59ms TTL=44 Reply from 66.230.200.100: bytes=32 time=59ms TTL=44 Reply from 66.230.200.100: bytes=32 time=54ms TTL=44

Ping statistics for 66.230.200.100: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss), Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 54ms, Maximum = 59ms, Average = 57ms

Sample of a successful ping to en.wikipedia.org The following is a screenshot of a normal ping to Wikipedia.



Sample of an unsuccessful ping to en.wikipedia.org The following is an image of an ICMP timeout on a Windows XP system. In this case, the result is caused by a network Access Control List that is denying all incoming ICMP traffic.



Message format Echo request The echo request is an Internet Control Message Protocol message whose data is expected to be received back in an echo reply. The host must respond to all echo requests with an echo reply containing the exact data received in the request message.

{| class="wikitable"! 00 || 01 || 02 || 03 || 04 || 05 || 06 || 07! 08 || 09 || 10 || 11 || 12 || 13 || 14 || 15! 16 || 17 || 18 || 19 || 20 || 21 || 22 || 23! 24 || 25 || 26 || 27 || 28 || 29 || 30 || 31|-|colspan="8" align="center"| Type = 8|colspan="8" align="center"| Code = 0|colspan="16" align="center"| Header Checksum|-|colspan="16" align="center"| Identifier|colspan="16" align="center"| Sequence Number|-|colspan="32" align="center"| Data :::|}



Echo reply The echo reply is an ICMP message generated in response to an echo request, and is mandatory for all hosts and routers.

{| class="wikitable"! 00 || 01 || 02 || 03 || 04 || 05 || 06 || 07! 08 || 09 || 10 || 11 || 12 || 13 || 14 || 15! 16 || 17 || 18 || 19 || 20 || 21 || 22 || 23! 24 || 25 || 26 || 27 || 28 || 29 || 30 || 31|-|colspan="8" align="center"| Type = 0|colspan="8" align="center"| Code = 0|colspan="16" align="center"| Header Checksum|-|colspan="16" align="center"| Identifier|colspan="16" align="center"| Sequence Number|-|colspan="32" align="center"| Data :::|}



In Gaming In multiplayer games like Unreal Tournament, Quake etc. each player has an assigned statistic called 'ping'. It actually refers to the Lag of the connection between the player seeing the ping and the player for whom a specific ping value is displayed. The game carries out a ping process repeatedly, each ping separated by a specific amount of time and the time taken to complete that ping is what is displayed as the ping for the player.

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